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RUCKUS-MIDI Copyright (C)1993 Cornel Huth Documentation Copyright (C)1993 Cornel Huth All Rights Reserved. Version 1.00. For ordering information, license agreement, and product support information, see Appendix Z. Introduction RUCKUS-MIDI is one part of the RUCKUS sound toolkit for DOS programmers. Its forte is its ability to play MIDI data in three different formats. Standard MIDI file format, type-0 and type-1 with selectable programs of the General MIDI Sound Set, the MT-32, or one of the programmer's choosing. Also supported is the CMF type (Creative Music File format, similar to Standard MIDI) and ROL-converted MIDI type (ROL is the file type used by the AdLib MSC). The other part of the RUCKUS sound toolkit is RUCKUS-DAC. Its forte is its ability to play and record digital data in three formats: VOC, WAVE, and Amiga Module. See RUCKUS-DAC for more. RUCKUS-MIDI currently supports the AdLib MSC and compatibles. This includes all Sound Blasters and its clones, as well. RUCKUS-MIDI is implemented to be device-independent. As new sound hardware (with supporting documentation) becomes available to this programmer, it will be added. The code you write to play MIDI music using RUCKUS will play on any new device added later without any code changes to your program. You just supply the new device ID (see InitMidi for more). RUCKUS-DAC already supports several sound devices in a device-independent manner. The RUCKUS toolkit supports most DOS compilers as is. This documentation describes using RUCKUS with BASIC DOS compilers. Also available is a C- specific version of this documentation. Other implementations should be able to get the necessary details using this documentation. Note that these toolkits will not work with the current or past Turbo Pascal compilers. This is due to Turbo Pascal's proprietary linkage methods. To provide compiler-independence, RUCKUS (and all of my latest toolkits) implements a simple calling scheme: a single far pointer is passed to RUCKUS. The data structure that is pointed to varies depending on RUCKUS function. There are 11 structure types ("packs") currently. The first two data members of each pack are identical in all packs. These are Func and Stat. The remaining members, if any, vary depending on requirements. For instance, the LoadMidi routine uses, in addition to Func and Stat, four additional members: FilenamePtr, StartPos, LoadSize, and LoadPtr. The steps needed to load a MIDI data file to memory would be as follows: 1. Allocate pack. Packs are reusable and can be allocated any way you want. Here we make a static allocation for simplicity. DIM LMP AS LoadMidiPackTYPE 2. Assign member values: filenameZ$ = file$ + CHR$(0) 'must terminate string with 0 LMP.Func = LoadMidi LMP.FilenamePtr = SADD(filenameZ$) LMP.FilenamePtrSeg = VARSEG(filenameZ$) 'LMP.FilenamePtrSeg = SSEG(filenameZ$) 'for BASIC7/VBDOS LMP.StartPos = 0& LMP.LoadSize = 0& 3. Call RUCKUS: stat = RUCKMIDI(LMP) 4. On return from the call: IF stat = 0 THEN ' LMP.LoadPtr -> address of MIDI data in memory After the load you can immediately call the PlayMidi routine using the lmp.LoadPtr returned from the Load call. You don't need to use the RUCKUS LoadMidi routine; you can perform your own MIDI data file loads to memory. However, RUCKUS can load up to 32 separate MIDI data files at one time and performs all the necessary memory allocations and deallocations automatically. See LoadMidi for more. As you can see, using RUCKUS is easy. If you'd rather use a traditional calling convention, wrap the RUCKUS routines in a BASIC function and call it as you normally would, i.e., stat = LoadMidiFile(file$,LMP) where LoadMidi contains the actual code (as shown above). Now that I have your interest, let me tell you why I've provided this toolkit for you. Shareware. That's right. Shareware. What I've done is provide you with a means to evaluate this product completely, with no upfront obligations. If you can't make use of this product, no problem. Think of this as the ultimate return policy. You can actually take the goods home, try it out, break it in. Then, if after a period of no more than 21 days, you feel that this product is well worth the price I'm asking, by all means, you should go ahead and fill out the order form and send it in. If you do not register, then of course, it means the product is not something you can use. If you can't use it, I don't want your money. But if it's something you will use, it's only fair that you register. The PROFESSIONAL registered versions does not have any built-in advertising screens. The PERSONAL DEVELOPER registered version does display a sign-on banner once. See Appendix Z. for ordering options and other related information specific to this product. The documentation that follows describes each of the function routines as to use, pack type used, and sample code in BASIC. Also available is a C version of this toolkit, differing only in example programs and documentation*. For additional source examples see the included X files on disk. *There is a specific object module that must be used with any Borland C compiler, but this LIB will work for other C compilers. RUCKUS-MIDI Functions. 0. SysInfoMidi ........................................... 5 1. InitMidi .............................................. 6 2. ExitMidi .............................................. 7 3. AtExitMidi ............................................ 8 4. LoadMidi .............................................. 9 5. PlayMidi .............................................. 10 6 and 7 are not used 8. EndMidi ............................................... 11 9. PauseMidi ............................................. 12 10. DeallocMidi ........................................... 13 11. FastFwdMidi ........................................... 14 12. OutMsgMidi ............................................ 15 13 to 19 are not used 20. SetAllMidi ............................................ 16 21. SetVolumeMidi ......................................... 17 22. SetToneMidi ........................................... 18 23. SetPatchMidi .......................................... 19 24. SetChMaskMidi ......................................... 20 25 to 29 are not used 30. SetAllFMSBP ........................................... 21 Appendix A. Tips and Tricks ........................... 22 Appendix B. Pack Structure ............................ 23 Appendix C. Compiler, Linker, QLB, and Call Use ....... 26 Appendix D. RUCKUS-MIDI Data Area ..................... 28 Appendix E. Key#, Frequencies and Channel Messages .... 30 Appendix F. General MIDI Sound Set .................... 32 Appendix G. MT-32 Sound Set ........................... 34 Appendix H. Patch Map Format .......................... 36 Appendix Z. Ordering Information, License Agreement and Product Support........................ 38 SysInfoMidi Func: 0 Pack: SysInfoMidiPack Determine which RUCKUS-supported devices are available on the current machine. Information returned on detected devices includes base I/O port and channel information (a mask indicating available channels). SysInfoMidi may be called only if no RUCKUS-MIDI device is active. If you an active device (via InitMidi), perform an ExitMidi before calling this function. RUCKUS-MIDI currently supports the following devices: Device ID 0 AdLib melodic, MIDI channels 0 to 8. Does not support mappable drum channel. 1 AdLib percussive, MIDI channels 0 to 5, and 9. The drum channel (9) is programmer-selectable and it maps to the 5 additional percussive voices. 2* OPL-3 percussive, MIDI channels 0 to 15. The drum channel (9) is programmer-selectable and it maps to the 5 additional percussive voices. 3* OPL-3 percussive, MIDI channels 0 to 8, and 9. The drum channel (9) is programmer-selectable and it maps to the 5 additional percussive voices. 4-operator timbre data for channels 0 to 5, and 2-operator timbre data for channels 6 to 8. 4* UltraSound (GUS), MIDI channels 0 to 15, and 9. The drum channel (9) is programmer-selectable. * Devices 2, 3, and 4 are currently not supported but will be available in the future. Sample Use: DIM SIMP AS SysInfoMidiPackTYPE SIMP.Func = SysInfoMidi stat = RUCKMIDI(SIMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'SIMP.Device0 is 1 if AdLib melodic mode available 'if above then SIMP.D0port is 388h ' SIMP.D0mask is 1FFh 'SIMP.Device1 is 1 if AdLib percussive mode available 'if above then SIMP.D1port is 388h ' SIMP.D1mask is 23Fh 5 InitMidi Func: 1 Pack: mInitMidiPack Initialize the RUCKUS-MIDI system to the following: DeviceID - any of the supported devices found by SysInfoMidi. IOport - the base I/O port as reported by SysInfoMidi. PercCh - the channel to use for percussion mapping. ChMask - the 16-bit mask as reported by SysInfoMidi. Flags - additional options. No RUCKUS-MIDI routines can be called prior InitMidi except SysInfoMidi and SetAllFMSBP. On return from a successful initialization, two segmented far pointers are returned: InfoPtr and MidiExitPtr. InfoPtr is used to locate the RUCKUS-MIDI data area for use with compilers that do not handle external variable references (such as QuickBASIC). Other compilers (such as C7) can reference RUCKUS-MIDI data directly since the references are public. See Appendix D. for more on RUCKUS-MIDI data. MidiExitPtr is used for those development systems that do not have direct support for the ANSI _atexit procedure. MidiExitPtr is a function pointer (far pointer -> MidiExit) of the routine that should be called before termination of any program that uses RUCKUS-MIDI. Most development systems do provide for _atexit since it provides for orderly program shutdown in the case of abnormal termination. For those that don't, you must include the stub object module NOATEXIT.OBJ. See Appendix C. for more information. Sample Use: DEFINT A-Z 'NOTE: All BASIC examples assume DEFINT A-Z DIM MIMP AS mInitMidiPackTYPE MIMP.Func = InitMidi 'see Appendix B. Pack Structure for more MIMP.DeviceID = 1 MIMP.IOport = &H388 MIMP.PercCh = 9 MIMP.ChMask = &H23F '0000 00P0 0011 1111 binary (P=perc channel) MIMP.Flags = 0 'see Appendix D. for bitmap of flags stat = RUCKMIDI(MIMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'MIMP.InfoPtrOff is offset address to start of RUCKUS-MIDI data area 'MIMP.InfoPtrSeg is segment 'MIMP.MidiExitPtrOff is offset address to ExitMidi routine 'MIMP.MidiExitPtrSeg is segment 'sample use of InfoPtr 'PEEKW/D() is like PEEK but reads 2/4-byte words (see Appendix A.) DEF SEG = MIMP.InfoPtrSeg DosMemoryAvailK = PEEKW(InfoPtrOff + 8) DEF SEG 6 ExitMidi Func: 2 Pack: XitMidiPack After having initialized a device via InitMidi, you must call ExitMidi before initializing a new device or before your program ends. ExitMidi performs three tasks. It frees any memory directly allocated by RUCKUS-MIDI (such as within LoadMidi), it shuts down the device last initialized, and it restores any hooked interrupts. This function should be called before ending your program. If your development system supports the ANSI _atexit, it will be called automatically (see AtExitMidi below). Sample Use: DIM XMP AS XitMidiPackTYPE 'program has run its course, before exiting to DOS perform cleanup XMP.Func = ExitMidi stat = RUCKMIDI(XMP) END 7 AtExitMidi Func: 3 Pack: XitMidiPack AtExitMidi is used to register the MidiExit routine to be called as a normal procedure in the ending of your program. It will be called by the compiler's startup code after your program _main() has ended. This is important since it ensures that all resources allocated by RUCKUS-MIDI are freed and that the sound device is properly shut down. AtExitMidi should be called immediately after initializing your first device. It need not (and should not) be called again during the program. In other words, you can InitMidi/ExitMidi as many times during a program's execution as you want, but you should only call AtExitMidi after the first InitMidi. It is possible for _atexit to fail to register ExitMidi. This would be the result of too many registrations requests having been made to _atexit. Since _atexit typically can handle 32 registrations, it is unlikely to fail (fail=become full). If it does fail, it should _not_ be considered a fatal error, however, be aware that the automatic ExitMidi call will not take place. Sample Use: DIM MIMP AS mInitMidiPack DIM XMP AS XitMidiPack DIM CalledBefore AS INTEGER 'use STATIC CalledBefore... in SUB/FUNC MIMP.Func = InitMidi MIMP.DeviceID = 1 MIMP.IOport = &H388 MIMP.PercCh = 9 MIMP.ChMask = &H23F MIMP.Flags = 0 stat = RUCKMIDI(MIMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'check to make sure that this is the first AtExitMidi call IF CalledBefore = 0 THEN XMP.Func = AtExitMidi stat = RUCKMIDI(XMP) IF stat = 0 THEN CalledBefore = -1 ELSE PRINT "_atexit unable to register ExitMidi" 8 LoadMidi Func: 4 Pack: LoadMidiPack Use to load MIDI data into DOS memory. While you may use your own memory allocation and DOS file routines to load MIDI data, LoadMidi automates this task. LoadMidi makes memory allocations directly from the operating system pool*. This means that before using LoadMidi DOS must have enough available memory to into which to load the file. For QuickBASIC (QuickBASIC, BASIC7, and VBDOS) you can use SETMEM(). For most other compilers, memory is not allocated until it's needed, thus DOS will be in control of any unallocated memory which is just the way LoadMidi likes it. Note: In Borland C compilers, memory allocations made via DOS INT21/48 cannot be used when any _malloc() call is made. Doing so corrupts the _malloc() chain. This is strictly a Borland problem. To overcome this limitation, you must use the memory module patch, MIDMEMBC.OBJ. See the C-specific version of RUCKUS for more on this patch. LoadMidi manages up to 32 files in memory at one time, given sufficient RAM. LoadMidi can also seek into a given file at any position and start loading from that position for any number of bytes. This lets you concatenate several MIDI data files into one and load any or all of the internal MIDI data streams into memory. In addition, you can load the entire file into memory and, by using pre-calculated memory offsets, start MidiPlay at any of the MIDI data streams. LoadMidi performs no format checking. Format checking is done by MidiPlay. Once a file has been loaded by LoadMidi, you can release the memory used by the file by using DeallocMidi. See that routine for more. Sample Use: DIM LMP AS LoadMidiPackTYPE 'for multiple concurrent loads 'use LMP(1 TO NumOfLoads) AS... filename$ = file2load$ + CHR$(0) 'filename must end with ASCII 0 LMP.Func = LoadMidi LMP.FilenamePtrOff = SADD(filename$) 'VARSEG() is QuickBASIC format LMP.FilenamePtrSeg = VARSEG(filename$) 'BASIC7/VBDOS use SSEG(filename$) LMP.StartPos = 0& 'start load at first byte of file LMP.LoadSize = 0& 'when=0 entire file is loaded into memory stat = RUCKMIDI(LMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'LMP.LoadPtrOff/Seg is address of load and used by MidiPlay 'LMP.LoadPtrOff is always returned=0 'LMP.LoadPtrSeg is DOS segment allocated 9 PlayMidi Func: 5 Pack: PlaybackMidiPack Once MIDI data is in memory, you can begin play. Play is done as a background task allowing other operations, such as screen updating or file loading, to continue. Once you begin play, it plays itself. You need only check the end of play status to determine when a MIDI stream has completed play. All other aspects of MIDI play is handled by RUCKUS-MIDI. A routine also available in RUCKUS-MIDI is OutMsgMidi. You can use OutMsgMidi to issue MIDI channel messages directly. File format type is checked by PlayMidi. To determine file format before actual play see FastFwdMidi. Note that ROL-converted MIDI files (via ROL2MIDI.EXE) and CMF files can only be played (correctly) when using the OPL-2 or -3 chip (on AdLib-compatibles such as SB, PAS, SB Pro, etc.). Sample Use: DIM PBMP AS PlaybackMidiPackTYPE 'LMP and DMP assumed defined PBMP.Func = PlayMidi PBMP.Mode = 1 'this must be 1 for background play PBMP.LoadPtrOff = LMP.LoadPtrOff 'LoadPtr as set by LoadMidi PBMP.LoadPtrSeg = LMP.LoadPtrSeg stat = RUCKMIDI(PBMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'the MIDI data is being played in the background 'at this point you can do anything you want 'for this example we just wait for the end status to become true 'see Appendix D. for information on the RUCKUS-MIDI data area DEF SEG = MIMP.InfoPtrSeg 'as set by InitMidi midend = MIMP.InfoPtrOff + 6 'offset to mid@end in data area DO DonePlaying = PEEK(midend) '=0 until MIDI data has ended 'and non-zero when data has ended LOOP UNTIL DonePlaying DEF SEG XMP.Func = EndMidi 'EndMidi should be called whenever stat = RUCKMIDI(XMP) 'a MIDI tune is has ended 'if no further use for this MIDI data, release the memory it uses 'see DeallocMidi for more information DMP.Func = DeallocMidi DMP.HandSeg = LMP.LoadPtrSeg DMP.TypeFlag = 0 stat = RUCKMIDI(DMP) 10 EndMidi Func: 8 Pack: XitMidiPack Use to stop play of the initialized device. EndMidi is similar in function to ExitMidi except that it does not release any memory. It does not completely shut down the initialized device but it does restore hooked interrupts. EndMidi can be thought of as a stop button, whereas ExitMidi is more like the on/off switch. Sample Use: DIM XMP AS XitMidiPackTYPE 'MIDI tune has play and is over, perform EndMidi to restore hooked 'interrupts and silence device XMP.Func = EndMidi stat = RUCKMIDI(XMP) 'now continue with program such as load next tune, play, etc. 11 PauseMidi Func: 9 Pack: PauseMidiPack Use to pause or unpause currently playing MIDI data. There is no effect if no data is currently playing. Sample Use: DIM PMP AS PauseMidiPack 'pause or unpause depending on state of DoPause flag IF DoPause THEN PMP.Pause = 1 ELSE PMP.Pause = 0 ENDIF PMP.Func = PauseMidi stat = RUCKMIDI(PMP) 12 DeallocMidi Func: 10 Pack: DeallocMidiPack Use to release memory used by LoadMidi. Once a file has been loaded via LoadMidi, the memory used by that load is not available for other loads until you release it using DeallocMidi. If you will only be needing one MIDI data stream in memory at a time you can load as many files as you want using only the memory needed by the largest file loaded (i.e., reuse the memory). For example, let's say that you have 40 separate MIDI data files that you will be playing. A simple method to load these is to free up 64K (single MIDI file max for RUCKUS- MIDI), LoadMidi a MIDI file, play it through, DeallocMidi the memory it used, LoadMidi the next MIDI file, play it through, DeallocMidi, and so on. This technique can also be used to LoadMidi into one concatenated file. This requires that you pre-calculate at what offset each MIDI data stream starts and its size. DeallocMidi is called automatically by ExitMidi. Sample Use: DIM DMP AS DeallocMidiPackTYPE DMP.Func = DeallocMidi DMP.HandSeg = LMP.LoadPtrSeg 'as set by LoadMidi DMP.TypeFlag = 0 'must be = 0 stat = RUCKMIDI(DMP) IF stat = 9 THEN PRINT "Invalid LMP.LoadPtrSeg, Not a fatal error" 'means that LMP.LoadPtrSeg is not valid 'perhaps it's already been deallocated by ExitMidi 13 FastFwdMidi Func: 11 Pack: FastFwdMidiPack A standard MIDI file is a series of MIDI messages that are sequenced by based on timings within the file. Each MIDI message is preceded by a tick count that informs MIDI-RUCKUS when to output each particular message. FastFwdMidi instructs RUCKUS-MIDI to disregard all timing information up to the specified tick count. It also mutes the output so no sound is produced. The actual fast forward does not take place until the PlayMidi function is called. After using FastFwdMidi, you must call FastFwdMidi again with FFMP.TickCount=0& to turn off fast-forward mode. One use of FastFwdMidi is determine the running time of a MIDI file. Sample Use: DIM FFMP AS FastFwdMidiPack FFMP.Func = FastFwdMidi 'Given the MIDI data is already in memory... FFMP.TickCount = -1& 'set to fast-fwd all the way through stat = RUCKMIDI(FFMP) IF stat = 0 THEN PBMP.Func = PlayMidi 'play but in fast fwd mode PBMP.Mode = 1 PBMP.LoadPtrOff = LMP.LoadPtrOff PBMP.LoadPtrSeg = LMP.LoadPtrSeg stat = RUCKMIDI(PBMP) IF stat = 0 THEN DEF SEG = MIMP.InfoPtrSeg bp = MIMP.InfoPtrOff 'bp used to lessen line length DO : LOOP UNTIL PEEK(bp + 6) 'wait to end 'TotalTicks& is the tick count at the end the last MIDI message '--also need Ticks/quarternote and microseconds/quarternote TotalTicks& = PEEKD(bp + 22) 'see Appendix A. for PEEKD(),PEEKW() TicksQnote = PEEKW(bp + 16) uSecsQnote& = PEEKD(bp + 18) 'watch for overflow so div\10 below! DEF SEG TimeInSecs = ((uSecsQnote&\10)*(TotalTicks&\TicksQnote))\100000 FFMP.Func = FastFwdMidi FFMP.TickCount = 0& 'set FastFwdMidi off stat = RUCKMIDI(FFMP) To fast forward in small increments while the MIDI data is playing, first get the current TickCount (at bp+22), add to it the number of ticks to skip, and use that as the FFMP.TickCount. If FFMP.TickCount > TotalTicks& then do not perform the fast forward since it would be past the end of data. See Appendix A. for an source example of this. 14 OutMsgMidi Func: 12 Pack: OutMsgMidiPack OutMsgMidi lets you send MIDI channel messages directly to the channel message parser without needing to use PlayMidi. Whereas PlayMidi deals with all aspects of playing a MIDI stream, such as interrupt setup, timing control and other events required to process the MIDI data, OutMsgMidi provides access to only the channel message parser of RUCKUS-MIDI. MIDI channel messages (composed of channel voice and mode messages) are those that control the actual sound output. The current MIDI 1.0 specification specifies eight message groups, each identified by a status byte and followed by one or two data bytes. See Appendix E. for more information on MIDI channel messages, key numbers and frequencies. Obvious use of OutMsgMidi is for sound effects. Notes can be sounded, volumes adjusted, programs (instruments) selected and fine-tuned, and sound can be turned off. When outputting to a channel be aware that NoteOn messages will not sound if the channel is already in a NoteOn. I.e., each NoteOn should have a corresponding NoteOff (or NoteOn with velocity=0). Sample Use: DIM OMMP AS OutMsgMidiPackTYPE OMMP.Func = OutMsgMidi OMMP.Mstatus = &H80 'channel 0, NoteOn OMMP.Mdata = &H7F3C 'sound middle-C (3Fh=60d) at max vol (7Fh=127d) stat = RUCKMIDI(OMMP) 'for those unfamiliar with hex notation, you can use the following to 'derive Mdata values: ' 'Mdata = (Volume * 256) + NoteNumber 15 SetAllMidi Func: 20 Pack: SetMidiPack While MIDI editing is best done on the MIDI data file itself with a sequencer/editor, RUCKUS-MIDI provides relative volume and tone adjustment to the MIDI data stream. Also, you may select the MIDI program/patch map to use. The channel mask as set in InitMidi may also be adjusted. You may also call each of these routines separately (see following SetMidi routines). For information on setting the patch map, set SetPatchMidi. The relative volume and tone adjustments let you boost or cut the playback levels of any or all of the MIDI channels (0-15). For example, if the MIDI data file has a trumpet playing to low on channel 4, you can boost channel 4's relative volume so that the trumpet plays louder. Volume adjustment takes effect immediately. Tone adjustment allows you to adjust the notes being sounded in any or all of the channels. For example, if you want to have the notes sound on channel 5 play an octave lower, you adjust channel 5's relative tone by - 12. Two octaves lower adjust by -24; an octave higher, adjust by +12; so on. Tone adjustment takes effect on the next sounded note. For adjusting relative levels you must designate which channels to operate on. SMP.Channel is a bit-mapped mask used to identify which channels. Each MIDI channel (0-15) has a corresponding bit in SMP.Channel. Channel 0 has SMP.Channel bit 0 as its mask; channel 1, bit 1; so on. For example, for this call to affect only channel 0, set SMP.Channel = 1. For only MIDI channel 1, use 2. For both channels 0 and 1, use 3. For those unfamiliar with binary notation, the following formula can be used. 'Given the array BM(0 TO 15) is non-zero for each channel to be adjusted: '(Note: Since accum may overflow we process bit 15 as a special case) accum = 0 FOR i = 0 TO 14 IF BM(i) THEN accum = accum + (2 ^ i) NEXT IF BM(15) THEN accum = accum OR &H8000 'use this as SMP.Channel Sample Use: DIM SMP AS SetMidiPackTYPE SMP.Func = SetAllMidi SMP.Channel = &H21 'adjust channels 0 and 5 only SMP.Channel = 13 'increase those channels' volumes by 13 SMP.Tone = 0 'no adjustments for tone SMP.ChMask = MIMP.ChMask 'use same channels as at InitMidi SMP.PatchMapID = 1 'use internal MT-32 program map SMP.PatchMapPtrOff = 0 'since using internal map these should be=0 SMP.PatchMapPtrSeg = 0 '(see SetPatchMidi for more on PatchMapID) stat = RUCKMIDI(SMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 16 SetVolumeMidi Func: 21 Pack: SetMidiPack The relative volume adjustment lets you boost or cut the playback volume level of any or all of the MIDI channels (0-15). For example, if the MIDI data file has a trumpet playing to low on channel 4, you can boost channel 4's relative volume so that the trumpet plays louder. Volume adjustment takes effect immediately. Any relative increase in volume level will not exceed the maximum level allowed, i.e., if the trumpet is already playing at its maximum volume, any positive relative adjustment will have no effect. For adjusting relative volume you must designate which channels to operate on. SMP.Channel is a bit-mapped mask used to identify which channels. Each MIDI channel (0-15) has a corresponding bit in SMP.Channel. See SetAllMidi on how to do this. Level adjustment range is -128 to 127. Sample Use: DIM SMP AS SetMidiPackTYPE SMP.Func = SetVolumeMidi SMP.Channel = &H31 'adjust channels 0, 4 and 5 only SMP.Volume = 127 'play those channels always at max volume stat = RUCKMIDI(SMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 17 SetToneMidi Func: 22 Pack: SetMidiPack Tone adjustment allows you to adjust notes being sounded in any or all of the channels. For example, if you want to have the notes sound on channel 5 play an octave lower, adjust channel 5's relative tone by -12. Two octaves lower adjust by -24; an octave higher, adjust by +12; so on. Tone adjustment takes effect on the next sounded note. For more on note numbers and their relationship to notes and octaves, see Appendix E. For adjusting relative tone you must designate which channels to operate on. SMP.Channel is a bit-mapped mask used to identify which channels. Each MIDI channel (0-15) has a corresponding bit in SMP.Channel. See SetAllMidi on how to do this. Level adjustment range is -128 to 127. Sample Use: DIM SMP AS SetMidiPackTYPE SMP.Func = SetToneMidi SMP.Channel = &H1 'adjust channel 0 only SMP.Tone = -12 'play notes on that channel one octave lower stat = RUCKMIDI(SMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 18 SetPatchMidi Func: 23 Pack: SetMidiPack MIDI specifies instruments by number (0-127). These instruments are often called programs, or patches. The one big incompatibility among MIDI data files is correspondence of instrument number to instrument sound. Up to just a few years ago, there was no standard, so that files made by one sequencer often sounded totally wrong when played on another. Ideally, there would be only one program map that all MIDI used, but that would be to restrictive to musicians. Because of this lack of standard, the International MIDI Association (IMA) created what is know as the General MIDI Sound Set. This is a standardized set of programs that map instrument numbers to known instrument sounds. It also standardizes the percussion map. The percussion map is similar to the main sound set but is used to sound a wide range of percussive instruments (the main sound set is nearly all melodic instruments). The percussion map takes note numbers that are output on a certain channel (channel 9 by standard (0-based)) and maps that note number to a particular percussive sound. For example, note 60 when played on any channel but the percussion channel plays a middle-C on whatever the current instrument program is for that channel. However, when note number 60 is played on the percussion channel, it maps to the Hi Bongo. Note number 35 maps to the bass drum. See Appendix F. for the General MIDI Sound Set description. In addition to the General MIDI (GM) set, RUCKUS-MIDI also maps to the MT- 32 sound set. Many MIDI files have been sequenced to the MT-32 set (see Appendix G. for the MT-32 sound set). In the future, you'll find more and more files sequenced to General MIDI. Microsoft Windows Multimedia specifies General MIDI as its sound set. RUCKUS-MIDI uses the GM map by default. For those MIDI files that do not comply with either GM or MT-32, RUCKUS- MIDI allows for custom patch maps to be used. See Appendix H. for custom patch map specifications and implementation notes. Be aware, however, that custom patch maps (those created by you) are device dependent. This means that you need a separate custom patch map for each device you intend to support. The internal RUCKUS-MIDI patch maps will always be device- independent, in that all current and future devices supported by RUCKUS- MIDI will have a GM and an MT-32 map available. Sample Use: DIM SMP AS SetMidiPackTYPE SMP.Func = SetPatchMidi SMP.PatchMapID = 1 '1=MT-32 (0=GM and -1 means use custom map) SMP.PatchMapPtrOff = 0 SMP.PatchMapPtrSeg = 0 'since not using custom patch, set these=0 stat = RUCKMIDI(SMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 19 SetChMaskMidi Func: 24 Pack: SetMidiPack SetChMaskMidi adjusts the same channel mask as that specified for InitMidi. There are 16 MIDI channels, numbered 0 to 15 in RUCKUS-MIDI (sometimes seen numbered 1-16). Each channel can be used to play a particular program, or instrument (sometimes called a voice). For example, say a MIDI file playing "Street Fight" is sequenced for piano and guitar. Each instrument could be played at the same time providing that there is a channel available for each. Since there are only 2 instruments and 16 MIDI channels, that's no problem. Further, let's say that, later, you don't want to hear the piano voice. By using SetChMaskMidi, you can selectively turn off the piano channel (channel 0, or whichever channel it's on). SetChMaskMidi also has another important use. It can be used to turn off channels that are not supported by the currently selected device. For example, the AdLib MSC in percussive mode (RUCKUS-MIDI deviceID 1) does not support channels 6 to 8, and 10 to 15. These channels are not supported because there are not sufficient voices available on that device. These channels (6-8, 10-15) should be masked out so that they are not processed. In addition to turning off channels that cannot be supported due to lack of voices, it may also be necessary to turn off MIDI channels due to the way the MIDI file has been sequenced. In particular, Microsoft Windows Multimedia Specification dictates that MIDI files be sequenced redundantly. Channels 0 to 9 are for so-called extended synthesizers, and channels 12 to 15 are for so-called base-level synthesizers. In either case, the highest channel (9 and 15, respectively) is used for the percussive channel. The specification also states that the most important channels be the lower- numbered (respective their synthesizer level). In RUCKUS-MIDI, such redundant MIDI files should always be played as if an extended synthesizer is active (channels 0 to 9) and the base-level redundant channels (12 to 15, as well as channels 10 and 11) should be masked out. SMP.ChMask is a bitmapped mask, 1 bit for each channel. See SetAllMidi for an example in how to determine the value to use for SMP.ChMask. Sample Use: DIM SMP AS SetMidiPackTYPE SMP.Func = SetChMaskMidi SMP.ChMask = 3 'turn off all channels except 0 and 1 stat = RUCKMIDI(SMP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 20 SetAllFMSBP Func:30 Pack: SetFMProPack Though RUCKUS-MIDI is intended and is designed to be device independent, there will be need for access to device-dependant features. The Sound Blaster Pro, for example, has an on-board mixer facility that controls FM chip volume. By default, the SB Pro is set to half-volume, much too low for typical use. By using SetAllFMSBP you can set the FM volume to maximum and let the actual sound volume be controlled via the MIDI data itself. In addition to the basic volume settings, you can also adjust the steering. Steering turns off either the left, right, or both channels. On late-model SB Pro cards, the independent left and right FM channel volumes can be used for better effect (smoother panning). Early-model SB Pros may not have the independent left/right volume adjustments and so steering is used to shift (all) sound left or right. The steering can also be set to mute the FM output. You may find that muting the SB Pro before InitMidi and before EndMidi results in a smoother sound and song transition. There is no Sound Blaster Pro detection routine available in RUCKUS-MIDI since the only device currently supported is the basic FM chip, originally used by the AdLib MSC (which is what the Sound Blaster and other compatibles use). Any device supporting the AdLib at I/O port 388h is detected. When OPL-3 (a super-set of the AdLib chip used by the SB Pro and others) support is added, additional detection routines for it will be included. Using SetAllFMSBP with no SB Pro installed should not present any problems, however, for absolute determination of an SB Pro device, use the detection routines in RUCKUS-DAC. The SB Pro base address I/O port is currently selectable at either 220h (the SB Pro default) or at 240h. Use RUCKUS-DAC for absolute determination. The master volume adjusts the Pro's master volume (also adjustable in RUCKUS-DAC). To low byte of SFMPP.MastVol sets the left channel's volume. The high byte sets the right channel's. Range for each is 1 to 15, odd values only. To set the right channel, multiply the volume by 256, e.g., SFMPP.MastVol = (256 * RtChVol) + LfChVol. To not change the master volume, set to -1. SFMPP.FMvol has the same range and is set the same way. It cannot be skipped. Steering, described above, can also be skipped by setting SFMPP.Steer to -1. It's practical use is to mute output during InitMidi and during an abrupt EndMidi (abrupt EndMidi meaning ending a MidiPlay before the actual end of data and notes may still be sounding). Sample Use: DIM SFMPP AS SetFMProPackTYPE SFMPP.Func = SetAllFMSBP SFMPP.IOport = &H220 'base port of SB Pro (220h or 240h) SFMPP.MasterVol = &HF0F 'low byte=left,high=right,-1=no change SFMPP.Steer = 0 '0=none,1=left,2=right,3=mute,-1=no change SFMPP.FMvol = &HF0F 'low byte=left,high=right (cannot skip) stat = RUCKMIDI(SFMPP) IF stat = 0 THEN 'okay 21 Appendix A. Tips and Tricks. 1. PEEK() Word and Double-word Values from Memory. 2. Noise Abatement. 1. PEEK() Word and Double-word Values from Memory. BASIC provides for a simple, single-byte peek into memory. Since much of RUCKUS-MIDI data is word or double-word size, the following functions can be used: FUNCTION PEEKW%(Offset) STATIC tLow = PEEK(Offset) tHigh = PEEK(Offset + 1) t& = (256& * tHigh) + tLow IF t& > 32767 THEN PEEKW = t& - 65536 ELSE PEEKW = t& ENDIF END FUNCTION FUNCTION PEEKD&(Offset) STATIC DIM S4 AS STRING * 4 tB0 = PEEK(Offset) tB1 = PEEK(Offset + 1) tB2 = PEEK(Offset + 2) tB3 = PEEK(Offset + 3) S4 = CHR$(tB3) + CHR$(tB2) + CHR$(tB1) + CHR$(tB0) PEEKD& = CVL(S4) END FUNCTION 2. Noise Abatement. If a Sound Blaster Pro is known to be available and is used as the MIDI device, noise can be minimized by setting the FM volume to 0, or by muting the FM steering. It can also be used when abruptly ending a MIDI playback before actual end of data. If no SB Pro is available, setting all MIDI relative volumes to -128 should reduce any spurious noise. 22 Appendix B. RUCKUS-MIDI Pack Structure. DECLARE FUNCTION RUCKMIDI% (SEG packinfo AS ANY) CONST SysInfoMidi = 0, InitMidi = 1, ExitMidi = 2, AtExitMidi = 3 CONST LoadMidi = 4, PlayMidi = 5 CONST EndMidi = 8, PauseMidi = 9 CONST DeallocMidi = 10, FastFwdMidi = 11, OutMsgMidi = 12 CONST SetAllMidi = 20, SetVolumeMidi = 21, SetToneMidi = 22 CONST SetPatchMidi = 23, SetChMaskMidi = 24 CONST SetAllFMSBP = 30 TYPE DeallocMidiPackTYPE 'DMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER HandSeg AS INTEGER 'RUCKUS allocates DOS segment (para) TypeFlag AS INTEGER '0=DOS para (must=0) END TYPE '8 TYPE FastFwdMidiPackTYPE 'FFMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER TickCount AS LONG 'tick count to fast forward to end type '8 TYPE GetMidiDataPackTYPE 'GDP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER BytePos AS LONG 'current byte relative base ptr (27) END TYPE '8 TYPE mInitMidiPackTYPE 'MIMP (can't use IMP with BASIC) Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER DeviceID AS INTEGER '0=AdLib melodic, 1=AdLib percussive IOport AS INTEGER PercCh AS INTEGER ChMask AS INTEGER Flags AS INTEGER '(see below) InfoPtrOff AS INTEGER 'ret:far ptr to Midi info InfoPtrSeg AS INTEGER MidiExitPtrOff AS INTEGER 'ret:far ptr to Midi's ExitXB routine MidiExitPtrSeg AS INTEGER END TYPE '22 23 TYPE LoadMidiPackTYPE 'LMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER FilenamePtrOff AS INTEGER 'far ptr to filenameZ to load FilenamePtrSeg AS INTEGER StartPos AS LONG 'offset into file to start load at LoadSize AS LONG 'number of bytes to load (or 0 for autosize) LoadPtrOff AS INTEGER 'ret:DOS seg:offset (offset always 0) LoadPtrSeg AS INTEGER END TYPE '20 TYPE OutMsgMidiPackTYPE 'OMMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER Mstatus AS INTEGER 'status byte (8n, 9n...) Mdata AS INTEGER 'data (one or two bytes) END TYPE '8 TYPE PlaybackMidiPackTYPE 'PMBP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER Mode AS INTEGER 'playback mode (0=interrupt FG,1=BG) LoadPtrOff AS INTEGER 'seg:off to start of data to play LoadPtrSeg AS INTEGER END TYPE '10 TYPE PauseMidiPackTYPE 'PMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER Pause AS INTEGER '0=unpause else pause END TYPE '6 TYPE SetFMProPackTYPE 'SFMPP (FM mixer control for SB PRO-compatibles) Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER IOport AS INTEGER 'base I/O port (&H220, &H240) MasterVol AS INTEGER '0F0F (low=right ch, high=left,-1 no change) Steer AS INTEGER '0=none,1=left,2=right,3=mute,-1 no change) FMVol AS INTEGER '0F0F (low=right,high=left,cannot skip) END TYPE '12 TYPE SetMidiPackTYPE 'SMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER Channel AS INTEGER 'channel to set (bit mask of channels 0-15) Volume AS INTEGER 'volume adjust Tone AS INTEGER 'tone adjust ChMask AS INTEGER 'if bit=0 then that channel is ignored PatchMapID AS INTEGER 'patch map ID PatchMapPtrOff AS INTEGER 'far ptr to alternate patch map or PatchMapPtrSeg AS INTEGER 'address of patch map ID selected END TYPE '18 24 TYPE SysInfoMidiPackTYPE 'SIMP Func AS INTEGER 'this (or any) TYPE will be expanded as needed stat AS INTEGER 'to accommodate additional MIDI devices Device0 AS INTEGER '=1 AdLib melodic mode available D0port AS INTEGER '388h D0mask AS INTEGER ' Device1 AS INTEGER '=1 AdLib percussive mode available D1port AS INTEGER '388h D1mask AS INTEGER '(to be extended as new devices are added) END TYPE '16 TYPE XitMidiPackTYPE 'XMP Func AS INTEGER stat AS INTEGER END TYPE '4 25 Appendix C. Compiler, Linker, QLB, and Call Use. Compile and Link. To create a stand-alone EXE file, compile your BASIC source as required. No special compiler switches are required. When your compiler is finished and has reported no errors during the compile, use the LINK program supplied with your compiler to resolve any external references in your BASIC program code that are dependent on the RUCKUS library code. For example, if you have a single-module BASIC source file called SOUND.BAS, compile it: C>bc SOUND /o; If successful, use the LINK program to build the final EXE: C>link SOUND,SOUND.EXE,nul,RUCKDAC.LIB RUCKMIDI.LIB; If successful, link creates SOUND.EXE ready to be run at the DOS prompt. The BASIC runtime is also supported by RUCKUS. Just compile as you normally would (without the /o, of course). RUCKUS is composed of many separate assembly language modules in two separate LIBs, one for digital data and the other for MIDI data. If you need to use more libraries with your programs, no problem, LINK can handle as many as you have. When LINK prompts you for a library file, just enter RUCKDAC.LIB and RUCKMIDI.LIB followed by any other library you need. For example: C>link Microsoft (R) Segmented Executable Linker Version 5.31.009 Jul 13 1992 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1984-1992. All rights reserved. Object Modules [.OBJ]: SOUND+STUB Run File [.EXE]: SOUND.EXE List File [NUL.MAP]: nul Libraries [.LIB]: RUCKDAC RUCKMIDI MOUSE; Consult your linker programs documentation for more. 26 Creating a QLB. If you use the QuickBASIC environment to program in, you need to build a .QLB so that you can call the RUCKUS routines. While QuickBASIC can load only a single QLB ( C>qb /L quicklib.qlb ), you can combine many LIB and OBJ modules to create the QLB. For example, to make a QLB of the RUCKDAC.LIB, RUCKMIDI.LIB and MOUSE.LIB libraries: C>link /QU RUCKDAC.LIB+RUCKMIDI.LIB+MOUSE.LIB, IDE.QLB, nul, BQLB45.LIB; Note the extension .LIB on the library modules. This is REQUIRED since LINK assumes .OBJ by default. The quick library, BQLB45.LIB, is required for the Libraries: prompt. The exact name depends on the compiler version. Consult your compiler documentation for more. BASIC PDS note: BASIC PDS requires that all BASIC modules included into a QLB be compiled using the /Fs compiler switch. This instructs the compiler to generate code compatible with "far strings". Since RUCKUS is written entirely in assembly language, this is not an issue. However, if you start QBX.EXE with /L and get an INVALID FORMAT error, one of the modules in the .QLB file most likely was a BASIC module that was not compiled with the /Fs switch. Calling RUCKDAC() and RUCKMIDI(). RUCKUS is called through a single entry point. Depending on function (digital or MIDI) you use either RUCKDAC() or RUCKMIDI(). The only argument passed to is a segmented far pointer to the control pack. The first two entries in this pack are the function to be performed and the function return status. RUCKUS is a FUNCTION call returning an INTEGER status value (with a few exceptions, see the documentation). Each function (or routine) uses a prescribed pack format. For example, some routines need only know the function to perform. For example, to end a digital play you could do the following: DIM XP AS XitPackTYPE 'could also DIM SHARED XP.Func = EndDac 'EndDac is defined in RUCKDAC.BI stat = RUCKDAC(XP) 'do the actual call to RUCKUS-DAC 27 Appendix D. RUCKUS-MIDI Data Area. The offset value below is relative InfoPtrOff as returned by InitMidi. For example, to access mid@end, the following code can be used: DEF SEG = MIMP.InfoPtrSeg MidiIsOver = PEEK(MIMP.InfoPtrOff + 6) DEF SEG For accessing word (dw) and double-word (dd) values, see Appendix A. All mid@ variables are PUBLIC symbols and may be accessed directly by compilers that allow external references to variables. QuickBASIC does not so the DEF SEG method needs to be used. Where possible, access all mid@ data through a common function so that future changes can be easily made. Offset Name Type Comments ---------------------------------- +000 mid@deviceID dw 0=AdLib melodic, 1=AdLib percussive... 2 mid@flags dw bit0=1 reserved bit1=1 disable program change event bit2-7 reserved (Low byte used to send... ...while high byte used to return info) bit8-13 reserved bit14=1 then CTMF file playing bit15=1 then AdLib ROL-convert playing 4 mid@percChannel dw <> 0 then percussion channel mapped 6 mid@end dw =1 end of MIDI (not currently playing) 8 mid@memDOS dw DOS RAM available in K 10 mid@memUsed dw K used by last load The following data to mid@chNotes is zeroed before each initial play and is not valid until play has begun. 12 mid@typeMIDI dw MIDI type (0 or 1) 14 mid@noTracks dw number of tracks (1 to 64) 16 mid@ticksQnote dw ticks/quarter-note 18 mid@uSecsQnote dd micro-secs/quarter-note 22 mid@tickCount dd current tick count 26 mid@musicPtr dd seg:off->current MIDI data byte 30 mid@currTrk dw current MIDI track (0 to noTracks-1) 32 mid@timeSig pt1 DB numerator |Consult the MIDI 1.0| 33 mid@timeSig pt2 DB denominator |specification on the| 34 mid@timeSig pt3 DB MIDI clocks/beat |implementation of | 35 mid@timeSig pt4 DB 32nd notes/beat |the time signature | 36 mid@chPrograms DB16 channel programs 0-15, 16 entries 52 mid@chVolumes DB16 channel volume levels (0-127), 16 entries 68 mid@chNotes DB16 channel note values (0-127), 16 entries 84 mid@chRelVolumes dw16 -128 to 127 range (0=no change), 16 entries 116 mid@chRelNotes dw16 -128 to 127 range (0=no change), 16 entries 28 The following are device-dependent and so are not part of the formal RUCKUS-MIDI data area. They are provided in case you want to change the operation of RUCKUS-MIDI at its lowest level. They are PUBLIC symbols and can be accessed only by direct reference. For the actual internal patch maps used by RUCKUS-MIDI, refer to Appendix F & G. ad@PatchPtr dd far ptr to current programs, 0-127 ad@PercMapPtr dd far ptr to current percussive map The following are the timbre data of DeviceID 1 percussive voices. All but bass drum, voice 6, use 1 operator. BD uses 2 operators. For the actual mappings used by RUCKUS-MIDI, refer to Appendix F & G. The first 13 bytes are for operator 0, the next 13 for operator 1, and the last 2 are wave shapes for operator 0 and 1, respectively. Format is: Op0: ksl,multi,fb(Op0),ar,sl,eg,dr,rr,tl,amvib,vib,ksr,c Op1: ksl,multi,fb(Op0),ar,sl,eg,dr,rr,tl,amvib,vib,ksr,c (BD only) Op0: wsm Op1: wsc ad@bdOps DB 28 DUP (?) Bass drum timbre ad@sdOp0 DB 28 DUP (?) Snare drum timbre ad@tomOp0 DB 28 DUP (?) Tom-tom timbre ad@cymOp0 DB 28 DUP (?) Cymbal timbre ad@hhOp0 DB 28 DUP (?) Hi-hat timbre 29 Appendix E. MIDI Key Numbers, Frequencies and Channel Messages. Octave 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Note (frequency in Hertz) C 16.352 32.704 65.40 130.81 261.63 523.26 1046.5 2093 C# 17.324 34.648 69.29 138.59 277.18 554.36 1108.7 2217 D 18.354 36.708 73.41 146.83 293.66 587.32 1174.6 2349 D# 19.445 38.890 77.78 155.56 311.12 622.24 1244.4 2489 E 20.601 41.202 82.40 164.80 329.61 659.23 1318.4 2637 F 21.826 43.652 87.30 174.60 349.21 698.43 1396.8 2794 F# 23.124 46.248 92.49 184.99 369.98 739.96 1479.9 2960 G 24.499 48.998 97.99 195.99 391.98 783.96 1567.9 3136 G# 25.956 51.912 103.82 207.64 415.29 830.59 1661.1 3322 A 27.500 55.000 110.00 220.00 440.00 880.00 1760.0 3520 A# 29.135 58.270 116.54 233.08 466.16 932.32 1864.6 3729 B 30.867 61.734 123.46 246.93 493.87 987.74 1975.4 3951 Note C1 (16Hz) is MIDI key number 12, C2 (32Hz) is 24...C5 (261Hz) is 60, middle-C on the piano keyboard. Valid key number range is 12 to 107 (96 key numbers total). This is peculiar to the OPL-2 chip. MIDI key number range is 0 to 127. Key numbers issued > 107 are set to 107 and numbers < 12 are set to 12 when using the OPL-2 or -3. For accessing steps between notes, you can use the PitchBend MIDI channel message (OutMsgMidi status byte En, Pitch Wheel Change). Each 512-point adjustment to pitchbend results in a 1-step change, giving a pitchbend range of +/- 16 steps per half-tone (pitchbend range is 0 to 16383 with 8192 equal to no change). 30 MIDI channels messages are what OutMsgMidi transmits to the MIDI parser. For complete specifications on MIDI channel messages, MIDI system messages, and the other details of the inner-workings of MIDI, contact the International MIDI Association (IMA) and ask for the MIDI 1.0 Specification. Several volumes are available for sale ranging from detailed specs to the standard MIDI file format. The IMA's mailing address is: IMA - the International MIDI Association 5316 W 57 ST LOS ANGELES CA 90056 USA The MIDI channel messages are: Message Name Mstat/Mdata Comment ----------------------------------------------------------------- Note Off 8n kn v kn=key number (0-127) v =velocity (0-127) (volume) Note On 9n kn v kn=key number (0-127) v =velocity (1-127,0=note off) Polyphonic After-Touch An kn v kn=key number (0-127) v =velocity (0-127) Control Change Bn cn x cn=controller (0-121, 0-79h) x =value (0-127) (Control Change not implemented) Channel Mode: All Notes Off Bn 7B 0 7B=channel n sound off (Other modes not implemented) Program Change Cn p p =program (0-127) Channel After-Touch Dn v v =velocity (0-127) Pitch Wheel Change En lb hb lb=low byte (0-127)* hb=high byte (0-127) *All non-status bytes must have the high-order bit of each byte unset. For Pitch Wheel Change (En lb hb) where there is to be no change, lb/hb is to be set to 00/40h (4000h=8192, center pitch). The low byte's MSB should not be set, meaning that, for example, 4080 to 40FF are not valid pitch bends. If 4080h is used RUCKUS-MIDI unsets the MSB of lb so that 4000h is used. All status bytes have the high-order bit set. The n nybble of each status byte (e.g., 8n) designates the channel number, 0 to F (0 to 15d). Most MIDI channel messages takes two data bytes, though some take only one. The order shown above is the order that should be used. For example, to send the channel message NoteOn/key# 32/max volume via OutMsgMidi for channel 3, set Mstatus to 93h and set Mdata to &H7F20 (low/high bytes=20/7Fh). The specification is rather complex. RUCKUS-MIDI builds upon those aspects of the specification that are useful in playing back MIDI data. Much of the MIDI specification deals with real-time performance and recording use, neither of which is RUCKUS-MIDI's intended purpose. 31 Appendix F. General MIDI Sound Set - Level 1. Sound Set Program Number and Name. Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument --------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 ACOUSTIC GRAND PIANO 43 CONTRABASS 86 LEAD 7 fifths 1 BRITE ACOUSTIC PIANO 44 TREMELO STRINGS 87 LEAD 8 bass+lead 2 ELECTRIC GRAND PIANO 45 PIZZICATO STRINGS 88 PAD 1 new age 3 HONKEYTONK 46 ORCHESTRAL HARP 89 PAD 2 warm 4 ELECTRIC PIANO 1 47 TIMPANI 90 PAD 3 polysynth 5 ELECTRIC PIANO 2 48 STRING ENSEMBLE 1 91 PAD 4 choir 6 HARPSICHORD 49 STRING ENSEMBLE 2 92 PAD 5 bowed 7 CLAVI 50 SYNTHSTRINGS 1 93 PAD 6 metallic 8 CELESTA 51 SYNTHSTRINGS 2 94 PAD 7 halo 9 GLOCKENSPIEL 52 CHOIR AAHS 95 PAD 8 sweep 10 MUSICBOX 53 VOICE OOHS 96 FX1 rain 11 VIBRAPHONE 54 SYNTH VOICE 97 FX2 soundtrack 12 MARIMBA 55 ORCHESTRA HIT 98 FX3 crystal 13 XYLOPHONE 56 TRUMPET 99 FX4 atmosphere 14 TUBULAR BELLS 57 TROMBONE 100 FX5 brightness 15 DULCIMER 58 TUBA 101 FX6 goblins 16 DRAWBAR ORGAN 59 MUTED TRUMPET 102 FX7 echoes 17 PERCUSSIVE ORGAN 60 FRENCH HORN 103 FX8 sci-fi 18 ROCK ORGAN 61 BRASS SECTION 104 SITAR 19 CHURCH ORGAN 62 SYNTHBRASS 1 105 BANJO 20 REED ORGAN 63 SYNTHBRASS 2 106 SHAMISEN 21 ACCORDION 64 SOPRANO SAX 107 KOTO 22 HARMONICA 65 ALTO SAX 108 KALIMBA 23 TANGO ACCORDIAN 66 TENOR SAX 109 BAG PIPE 24 ACOUSTIC GUITAR nyln 67 BARITONE SAX 110 FIDDLE 25 ACOUSTIC GUITAR stl 68 OBOE 111 SHANAI 26 ELECTRIC GUITAR jazz 69 ENGLISH HORN 112 TINKLE BELL 27 ELECTRIC GUITAR cln 70 BASSOON 113 AGOGO 28 ELECTRIC GUITAR mute 71 CLARINET 114 STEEL DRUMS 29 OVERDRIVEN GUITAR 72 PICCOLO 115 WOOD BLOCK 30 DISTORTION GUITAR 73 FLUTE 116 TAIKO DRUM 31 GUITAR HARMONICS 74 RECORDER 117 MELODIC TOM 32 ACOUSTIC BASS 75 PAN FLUTE 118 SYNTH DRUM 33 ELECTRIC BASS finger 76 BLOWN BOTTLE 119 REVERSE CYMBAL 34 ELECTRIC BASS pick 77 SHAKUHACHI 120 GUITAR FRET NOISE 35 FRETLESS BASS 78 WHISTLE 121 BREATH NOISE 36 SLAP BASS 1 79 OCARINA 122 LOSTINSPACE 37 SLAP BASS 2 80 LEAD 1 square 123 BIRD TWEET 38 SYNTH BASS 1 81 LEAD 2 sawtooth 124 TELEPHONE RING 39 SYNTH BASS 2 82 LEAD 3 calliope 125 HELICOPTER 40 VIOLIN 83 LEAD 4 chiff 126 APPLAUSE 41 VIOLA 84 LEAD 5 charang 127 GUNSHOT 42 CELLO 85 LEAD 6 voice 32 General MIDI - Level 1 Sound Set Groupings by Program Number. Prog# Instrument Group Prog# Ins Grp Prog# Ins Grp --------------------------------------------------------------------- 0-7 Piano 40-47 Strings 80-87 Synth Lead 8-15 Chromatic Percussion 48-55 Ensemble 88-95 Synth Pad 16-23 Organ 56-63 Brass 96-103 Synth Effects 24-31 Guitar 64-71 Reed 104-111 Ethnic 32-39 Bass 72-79 Pipe 112-119 Percussive 120-127 Sound Effects General MIDI - Level 1 Percussion Map (Channel 9). Key# Drum Sound Key# Drum Sound Key# Drum Sound -------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1 67 High Agogo 36 Bass Drum 1 52 Chinese Cymbal 68 Low Agogo 37 Side Stick 53 Ride Bell 69 Cabasa 38 Acoustic Snare 54 Tambourine 70 Maracas 39 Hand Clap 55 Splash Cymbal 71 Short Whistle 40 Electric Snare 56 Cowbell 72 Long Whistle 41 Low Floor Tom 57 Crash Cymbal 2 73 Short Guiro 42 Closed Hi-Hat 58 Vibraslap 74 Long Guiro 43 High Floor Tom 59 Ride Cymbal 2 75 Claves 44 Pedal Hi-Hat 60 Hi Bongo 76 Hi Wood Block 45 Low Tom 61 Low Bongo 77 Low Wood Block 46 Open Hi-Hat 62 Mute Hi Conga 78 Mute Cuica 47 Low-Mid Tom 63 Open Hi Conga 79 Open Cuica 48 Hi-Mid Tom 64 Low Conga 80 Mute Triangle 49 Crash Cymbal 1 65 High Timbal 81 Open Triangle 50 High Tom 66 Low Timbal For timbre data used by RUCKUS-MIDI for programs 0-127 see the GMPATCH.* file. Also see that file for percussive voice mappings (for example, how percussive channel 9 key# 46, Open Hi-Hat, maps to AdLib percussive voice 10, the Hi-Hat). These files are device-dependent and there is one for each RUCKUS-MIDI supported device. Included only in registered versions of the RUCKUS toolkit. 33 Appendix G. MT-32 MIDI Sound Set. Sound Set Program Number and Name. Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument ------------------------------------------------------------------ 0 AcouPno1 43 EchoPan 86 Bassoon 1 AcouPno2 44 DocSolo 87 Harmonca 2 AcouPno3 45 SchlDaze 88 Trumpet1 3 ElecPno1 46 BellSing 89 Trumpet2 4 ElecPno2 47 SqWave 90 Trombon1 5 ElecPno3 48 StrSect1 91 Trombon2 6 ElecPno4 49 StrSect2 92 FrHorn1 7 HonkTonk 50 StrSect3 93 FrHorn2 8 ElecOrg1 51 Pizzicto 94 Tuba 9 ElecOrg2 52 Violin1 95 BrsSect1 10 ElecOrg3 53 Violin2 96 BrsSect2 11 ElecOrg4 54 Cello1 97 Vibes1 12 PipeOrg1 55 Cello2 98 Vibes2 13 PipeOrg2 56 ContraBs 99 SynMallt 14 PipeOrg3 57 Harp1 100 WindBell 15 Accordn 58 Harp2 101 Glock 16 Harpsi1 59 Guitar1 102 TubeBell 17 Harpsi2 60 Guitar2 103 XyloPhon 18 Harpsi3 61 ElecGtr1 104 Marimba 19 Clavi1 62 ElecGtr2 105 Koto 20 Clavi2 63 Sitar 106 Sho 21 Clavi3 64 AcouBs1 107 Shakuhch 22 Celesta1 65 AcouBs2 108 Whistle1 23 Celesta2 66 ElecBs1 109 Whistle2 24 SynBrss1 67 ElecBs2 110 BottlBlo 25 SynBrss2 68 SlapBs1 111 BreathPp 26 SynBrss3 69 SlapBs2 112 Timpani 27 SynBrss4 70 Fretls1 113 MelodTom 28 SynBass1 71 Fretls2 114 DeepSnar 29 SynBass2 72 Flute1 115 Oberheim 30 SynBass3 73 Flute2 116 Noise 31 SynBass4 74 Piccolo1 117 Taiko 32 Fantasy 75 Piccolo2 118 TaikoRim 33 HarmoPan 76 Recorder 119 RevCymb 34 Chorale 77 PanPipes 120 JawHarp 35 Glasses 78 Sax1 121 Triangle 36 SoundTrk 79 Sax2 122 OrcheHit 37 Atmosphr 80 Sax3 123 BassDrm 38 WarmBell 81 Sax4 124 BirdTwt 39 FunnyVox 82 Clarint1 125 Banjo 40 EchoBell 83 Clarint2 126 MoogSyn 41 IceRain 84 Oboe 127 JunglTun 42 Oboe2001 85 EngHorn 34 MT-32 Sound Set Groupings by Program Number. Prog# Instrument Group Prog# Ins Grp Prog# Ins Grp ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Not specified. MT-32 Percussion Map (Channel 9). Key# Drum Sound Key# Drum Sound Key# Drum Sound ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Acoustic Bass 51 Ride Cymbal 1 67 High Agogo 36 Acoustic Bass 52*Chinese Cymbal 68 Low Agogo 37 Rim Shot 53*Ride Bell 69 Cabasa 38 Acoustic Snare 54 Tambourine 70 Maracas 39 Hand Clap 55*Splash Cymbal 71 Short Whistle 40 Electric Snare 56 Cowbell 72 Long Whistle 41 Acoustic Low Tom 57*Crash Cymbal 2 73 Short Guiro 42 Closed High Hat 58*Vibraslap 74*Long Guiro 43 Acoustic Low Tom 59*Ride Cymbal 2 75 Claves 44 Open High Hat 2 60 Hi Bongo 76*Hi Wood Block 45 Acoustic Mid Tom 61 Low Bongo 77*Low Wood Block 46 Open High Hat 1 62 Mute Hi Conga 78*Mute Cuica 47 Acoustic Mid Tom 63 Open Hi Conga 79*Open Cuica 48 Acoustic High Tom 64 Low Conga 80*Mute Triangle 49 Crash Cymbal 65 High Timbal 81*Open Triangle 50 Acoustic High Tom 66 Low Timbal For timbre data used by RUCKUS-MIDI for programs 0-127 see the MTPATCH.* file. Also see that file for percussive voice mappings (for example, how percussive channel 9 key# 46, Open Hi-Hat, maps to AdLib percussive voice 10, the Hi-Hat). These files are device-dependent and there is one for each RUCKUS-MIDI supported device. Included only in registered versions of the RUCKUS toolkit. 35 Appendix H. RUCKUS-MIDI Patch Map Format. Format of the patch maps used internally by RUCKUS-MIDI for the 2-operator OPL chip is composed of 2 sections. The header and the timbre data. The header is the first 48 bytes of the data. HEADER: Patch name: 20 bytes Patch size: 1 word, set to 48 reserved: 14 bytes TIMBRE DATA for each program (0-127): Instrument name: 20 bytes (may be 0- or space-filled) Instrument data: 28 bytes Instrument data format is: Op0:ksl,multi,fb,ar,sl,eg,dr,rr,tl,amvib,vib,ksr,c Op1:ksl,multi,--,ar,sl,eg,dr,rr,tl,amvib,vib,ksr,- mws,cws (modulator wave shape, carrier wave shape) For example: PATCHES_MT db 'PATCHES_MT32',0,0,0,0 dw 48 db 14 DUP(0) db 'ACOUPIANO1',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ;(0) db 01h,01h,03h,0Fh,05h,00h,01h,00h,0Fh,00h,00h,00h,01h db 00h,00h,01h,00h,0Dh,07h,00h,03h,0Ch,04h,00h,00h,00h db 00h,00h ;the other patches would follow, to the 127th ;total patch size would be 48+(128*48)=6192 bytes 36 Internally, RUCKUS-MIDI maintains separate locations for the programs and the percussive map. However, for custom patch maps, the following format must be used: Custom Patch Format: First 48-byte section is the percussive map for key numbers 35 to 82. Key number 82 should map to value 255. For example: ;0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (values in decimal, 48 bytes) db 06,06,08,07,08 ;35-39 db 07,08,10,08,10,08,10,08,08,09 ;40-49 db 08,09,09,09,10,09,09,09,08,09 ;50-59 db 08,08,08,08,08,07,07,07,07,08 ;60-69 db 10,10,10,10,10,08,08,08,08,08 ;70-79 db 10,10,255 ;80-81 ;In the above map, key# 35 maps to OPL-2 voice 6, the bass drum. Key# 79 ;maps to voice 8, the tom-tom. ;This is immediately followed by the program patches as above: PATCHES_MT db 'PATCHES_MT32',0,0,0,0 dw 48 db 14 DUP(0) db 'ACOUPIANO1',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ;(0) db 01h,01h,03h,0Fh,05h,00h,01h,00h,0Fh,00h,00h,00h,01h db 00h,00h,01h,00h,0Dh,07h,00h,03h,0Ch,04h,00h,00h,00h db 00h,00h ;the other patches would follow, to the 127th ;total patch size would be 48+48+(128*48)=6240 bytes To create custom patch maps for the OPL-2 chip, the shareware package SBKTimbre can be used. To convert the output of this program for use with RUCKUS-MIDI, use the supplied IBK2OPL2.EXE program. The 48-byte percussive map must be constructed by hand. Note that other devices (when supported) will have different formats. 37 Appendix Z. Ordering Information, License Agreement and Product Support. To order you must you the order form included with the distribution files. Its filename is !ORDER.FRM. Orders made without this form may be delayed. There are two RUCKUS packages available. The PERSONAL DEVELOPER version is for the hobby-programmer while the PROFESSIONAL version is for the professional programmer. The PERSONAL DEVELOPER version is for persons that are not creating programs for distribution to others. With the PERSONAL DEVELOPER license you may not distribute any programs you create with RUCKUS. In addition, a sign-on banner is issued once, displaying the RUCKUS copyright and license restriction. The PROFESSIONAL version has no distribution restrictions on end-user programs you create with RUCKUS. The PROFESSIONAL license provides you with the right to create all the end-user programs royalty-free. You also have direct access to the latest version of RUCKUS free-of-charge by way of my support BBS and the RUCKUS Developer's Conference there. No sign-on banner is issued. 38 License Agreement Before using this software you must agree to the following: 1. You are not allowed to operate more than one (1) copy of this software package at one time per license. This means that if you have 10 programmers that COULD possibly use the RUCKUS library at the same time, you must also have ten (10) RUCKUS licenses. 2. You are not allowed to distribute non-executable code containing RUCKUS code. This means that you are not allowed to redistribute RUCKUS code as another .LIB, for example. Also, if RUCKUS code is to be contained in a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) then it must be part of a stand-alone product. This means that you cannot provide a .DLL containing RUCKUS code if that .DLL is to be used as a programming library for other programmers. If you wish to distribute non-executable code containing RUCKUS code you must obtain written permission from the author. 3. This license grants you the right to use the RUCKUS library code on a royalty-free basis, except when the license is the PERSONAL DEVELOPER, in which case you may not distribute any program in which RUCKUS has been used. 4. RUCKUS is owned by the author, Cornel Huth, and is protected by United States copyright laws and international treaty provisions. You are not allowed to make copies of this software except for archival purposes. 5. You may not rent or lease RUCKUS. You may not transfer this license without the written permission of the author. If this software is an update or upgrade, you may not sell or give away previous versions. 6. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble this software. 7. There are no expressed or implied warranties with this software. 8. All liabilities in the use of this software rest with the user. 9. U.S. Government Restricted Rights. This software is provided with restricted rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at 52.227-7013. Manufacturer is Cornel Huth/6402 Ingram Rd/San Antonio, TX 78238. This agreement is governed by the laws of the state of Texas. 39 Product Support Support is available 7 days/week from 17:00 to 09:00 Central Time at my BBS, the Fortieth Floor, at 1.210.684.8065. PROFESSIONAL version licensees have free access to all future RUCKUS updates and upgrades via the RUCKUS Developer's Conference on the Fortieth Floor BBS (1.210.684.8065). PERSONAL DEVELOPER licensees have restricted access to in-version maintenance updates at no charge. End of the RUCKUS-MIDI DOCUMENT. See also the RUCKUS-DAC DOCUMENT. 40